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PMorgan Chase & Co. CEO Jamie Dimon made a bold call on Monday: his firm’s rescue of First Republic Bank ended the initial phase of the banking crisis.

Twenty-four hours later, that prediction was already looking shaky as Wall Street traders drove down shares of regional banks in a rout that resembled the dark days of March. Several sank more than 10 percent.

These bank bears can find plenty of ammo in the latest academic research, which casts fresh light on industry stresses in the grip of the biggest monetary-tightening campaign in decades.

It finds that a year of interest-rate hikes have driven unrealised losses for banks to an estimated US$1,84 trillion, with trouble in commercial real estate only adding to the pain. Lenders are also facing the risk of deposit flight as frustrated savers leave for higher-yielding alternatives.

So after largely taking it on the chin last week, traders are falling prey to renewed concerns about asset-liability mismatches and uninsured deposits across the banking sector.

“All of a sudden we are raising rates, faster than last time and to a higher level,” said Philipp Schnabl, a professor at New York University who co-wrote a paper on the bank turmoil. “Now is a question of people waking up – are they seeing something on Twitter, reading about it and maybe changing their behavior?” he said, referring to depositors pulling out their cash.

One major bank index dropped 4,5 percent Tuesday to the lowest since late 2020, while trading in PacWest Bancorp and Western Alliance Bancorp was halted at one point.

Both extended losses in pre-market trading Wednesday following declines of 28 percent and 15 percent, respectively, a day earlier. Meanwhile, two- and 10-year yields also dropped further as investors rushed for havens and jobs data pointed to a softening labor market.

Stresses in the banking sector are a headache for Federal Reserve officials meeting this week, as they weigh financial-stability concerns against still stubborn inflation, as shown in data released Friday. While regulators are mulling a broadening of deposit insurance, no changes have yet been announced — one reason for the market plunge on Tuesday.

Meanwhile, depositors are waking up to the higher-yielding alternatives outside of bank offerings. Regulatory data show the average US savings rate stands at just about 0,39 percent, compared with a fed funds rate of nearly 5 percent.

Until two months ago, the deposit beta — which measures how sensitive deposit rates are to changes in the market rate — was lower than in previous rate cycles at about 0.2. That meant that banks could pass onto savers just a fifth of the policy-rate move, according to Itamar Drechsler at the University of Pennsylvania and Schnabl and Alexi Savov at NYU. The average during rising-rate periods historically is about 0.4.

That’s why rate hikes aren’t entirely bad news for banks. Even as long-term assets slide, they can generate big profits thanks to sticky — and cheap — deposits. In fact, in the academics’ calculation, based on a deposit beta of 0.2, the increase in value from the deposit franchise has roughly equaled asset losses in this cycle.

But that moat erodes fast when the deposit beta starts rising and if uninsured depositors panic and pull their cash out. And there’s a growing fear that the era of banking apps means it’s easier and faster than ever to make withdrawals, raising the chance of a stampede.

“It looks like the deposit beta could rise quite a bit and maybe even double and still only really get back to their historical norm,” said Savov. “The question about social media and fintech and so on is about whether they might go beyond that.”

US bank deposits dropped at the fastest pace on an annual basis since 1981 in the last three months of 2022 and shrank by roughly a similar clip last quarter. While deposit betas may still be historically low, Fed researchers noted they have recently been rising much faster compared with previous rate-hike cycles.

Heightening the risks, banks are now sitting on about US$1,84 trillion of unrealized losses after rate hikes pummeled the value of their debt holdings, according to the latest projection from four other economists who earlier wrote a blockbuster paper on the crisis.

In research last month, they estimate that a 10 percent default rate on commercial real estate loans – similar to what was seen during the financial crisis – would hit banks with another US$80 billion of losses, leaving some vulnerable to a run by uninsured depositors.

While that might seem relatively small, it’s another source of pressure after a year of monetary tightening eroded banks’ capital buffer, wrote Erica Jiang at the University of Southern California, Gregor Matvos at Northwestern University, Tomasz Piskorski at Columbia University and Amit Seru at Stanford University. Exposure to offices has come under scrutiny lately on fears a lasting shift to remote working combined with rate hikes will fuel widespread defaults.

“Even if interest rates went to 2,5 percent and miraculously inflation went down, this issue still lingers,” Seru said. “I wouldn’t say we are all out of the woods here.”

Until Tuesday, markets appeared to be looking beyond banking turmoil. Only five of 38 non-currency assets tracked by Deutsche Bank moved more than 3 percent in April, the least since the pandemic. By last Friday, a gauge of Treasury volatility had returned to levels seen before SVB’s demise while the equivalent for the S&P 500, known as the VIX, reached the lowest since late 2021.  – Bloomberg